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Exam Topics
Introduction
Introduction to Wireless LANs
The Wireless LAN Market
Today’s Wireless LAN Standards
Applications of Wireless LANs
Access Role
Network Extension
Building-to-Building Connectivity
Last Mile Data Delivery
Mobility
Radio Frequency (RF) Fundamentals
Radio Frequency
RF Behaviors
Gain
Loss
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Scattering
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
VSWR Measurements
Effects of VSWR
Solutions to VSWR
Principles of Antennas
Line of Sight (LOS)
Fresnel Zone
Obstructions
Antenna Gain
Intentional Radiator
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)
Radio Frequency Mathematics
Units of Measure
Watts (W)
Milliwatt
Decibels
dBm
dBi
Accurate Measurements
Spread Spectrum Technology
Introducing Spread Spectrum
Narrow Band Transmission
Spread Spectrum Technology
Uses of Spread Spectrum
Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Personal Area Networks
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
FCC Specifications
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
How FHSS Works
Effects of Narrow Band Interference
Frequency Hopping Systems
Channels
Dwell Time
Hop Time
Dwell Time Limits
FCC Rules affecting FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
How DSSS Works
Direct Sequence Systems
Channels
Effects of Narrow Band Interference
FCC Rules affecting DSSS
Comparing FHSS and DSSS
Narrowband Interference
Cost
Co-location
Equipment compatibility and availability
Data rate & throughput
Security
Standards Support
W ireless LAN Infrastructure Devices
Access Points
Access Point Modes
Root Mode
Bridge Mode
Repeater Mode
Common Options
Fixed or Detachable Antennas
Advanced Filtering Capabilities
Removable (Modular) Radio Cards
Variable Output Power
Varied Types of Wired Connectivity
Configuration and Management
Wireless Bridges
Wireless Bridge Modes
Root Mode
Non-root Mode
Advanced Filtering Capabilities
Removable (Modular) Radio Cards
Variable Output Power
Varied Types of Wired Connectivity
Antennas and
Accessories
RF Antennas
Omni-directional (Dipole) Antennas
Usage
Semi-directional Antennas
Usage
Highly-directional Antennas
Usage
RF Antenna Concepts
Polarization
Gain
Beamwidth
Free Space Path Loss
The 6dB Rule
Antenna Installation
Placement
Mounting
Appropriate Use
Orientation
Alignment
Safety
Maintenance
Power over Ethernet (PoE) Devices
Common PoE Options
Single-port DC Voltage Injectors
Multi-port DC Voltage Injectors
Active Ethernet Switches
PoE Compatibility
Types of Injectors
Types of Picker / Taps
Voltage and Pinout Standards
Fault Protection
Wireless LAN Accessories
RF
Amplifiers
Common Options
Configuration & Management
RF Attenuators
Common Options
Configuration and Management
Lightning Arrestors
Common Options
Configuration & Maintenance
RF Splitters
Choosing an RF Splitter
RF Connectors
Choosing an RF Connector
RF Cables
RF “Pigtail” Adapter Cable
Key Terms
Wireless LAN Organizations and
Standards
Federal Communications Commission
ISM and UNII Bands
Advantages and Disadvantages of License-Free Bands
Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) Bands
900 MHz ISM Band
2.4 GHz ISM Band
5.8 GHz ISM Band
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) Bands
Lower Band
Middle Band
Upper Band
Power Output Rules
Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP)
Point-to-Point (PtP)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11g
Major Organizations
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
Wireless LAN Association
Competing Technologies
HomeRF
Bluetooth
Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
Infrared
Wireless LAN Interoperability Forum (WLIF)
802.11 Network Architecture
Locating a Wireless LAN
Service Set Identifier
Beacons
Time Synchronization
FH or DS Parameter Sets
SSID Information
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
Supported Rates
Passive Scanning
Active Scanning
Authentication & Association
Authentication
Association
States of Authentication & Association
Unauthenticated and Unassociated
Authenticated and Unassociated
Authenticated and Associated
Authentication Methods
Open System Authentication
Shared Key Authentication
Authentication Security
Shared Secrets & Certificates
Emerging Authentication Protocols
Service Sets
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Roaming
Standards
Connectivity
Reassociation
VPN Use
Layer 2 & 3 Boundaries
Load Balancing
Power Management Features
Continuous Aware Mode
Power Save Polling
PSP Mode in a Basic Service Set
PSP in an Independent Basic Service Set
MAC and Physical Layers
How Wireless LANs Communicate
Wireless LAN Frames vs. Ethernet Frames
Collision Handling
Fragmentation
Dynamic Rate Shifting (DRS)
Distributed Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function
The PCF Process
Interframe Spacing
Three Types of Spacing
Short Interframe Space (SIFS)
Point Coordination Function Interframe Space (PIFS)
Distributed Coordination Function Interframe Space (DIFS)
Slot Times
The Communications Process
Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
Configuring RTS/CTS
Modulation
Troubleshooting Wireless LAN
Installations
Multipath
Effects of Multipath
Decreased Signal Amplitude
Corruption
Nulling
Increased Signal Amplitude
Troubleshooting Multipath
Solutions for Multipath
Hidden Node
Troubleshooting Hidden Node
Solutions for Hidden Node
Use RTS/CTS
Increase Power to the Nodes
Remove Obstacles
Move the Node
Near/Far
Troubleshooting Near/Far
Solutions for Near/Far
System Throughput
Co-location Throughput (Theory vs. Reality)
Theory: What Should Happen
Reality: What Does Happen
Solutions for Co-location Throughput Problems
Use Two Access Points
Use 802.11a Equipment
Summary
Types of Interference
Narrowband
All-band Interference
Weather
Wind
Stratification
Lightning
Adjacent Channel and Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
Co-channel Interference
Range Considerations
Transmission Power
Antenna Type
Environment
Wireless LAN Security
Wired Equivalent Privacy
Why WEP Was Chosen
WEP Keys
Static WEP Keys
Centralized Encryption Key Servers
WEP Usage
Advanced Encryption Standard
Filtering
SSID Filtering
MAC Address Filtering
Protocol Filtering
Attacks on Wireless LANs
Passive Attacks
Active Attacks
Jamming
Man-in-the-middle Attacks
Emerging Security Solutions
WEP Key Management
Wireless VPNs
Key Hopping Technologies
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
AES Based Solutions
Wireless Gateways
802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol
Corporate Security Policy
Keep Sensitive Information Private
Physical Security
Wireless LAN Equipment Inventory & Security Audits
Using Advanced Security Solutions
Public Wireless Networks
Limited and Tracked Access
Security Recommendations
WEP
Cell Sizing
User Authentication
Security Needs
Use Additional Security Tools
Monitoring for Rogue Hardware
Switches, not hubs
Wireless DMZ
Firmware & Software Updates
Site Survey Fundamentals
What is a Site Survey?
Preparing for a Site Survey
Facility Analysis
Existing Networks
Area Usage & Towers
Purpose & Business Requirements
Bandwidth & Roaming Requirements
Available Resources
Security Requirements
Preparation Exercises
Preparation Checklist
Site Survey Equipment
Access Point
PC Card and Utilities
Laptops & PDAs
Paper
Outdoor Surveys
Spectrum Analyzer
Network Analyzer (a.k.a. "Sniffer")
Site Survey Kit Checklist
Conducting a Site Survey
Indoor Surveys
Outdoor Surveys
Before You Begin
RF Information Gathering
Range and Coverage Patterns
Data Rate Boundaries
Documentation
Throughput Tests & Capacity Planning
Interference Sources
Wired Data Connectivity & AC Power Requirements
Outdoor Antenna Placement
Spot Checks
Site Survey Reporting
Report Format
Purpose and Business Requirements
Methodology
RF Coverage Areas
Throughput
Interference
Problem Areas
Drawings
Hardware placement & configuration information
Additional Reporting
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